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Reference

Glossary: terms you will see on a COA and in catalog copy

Quick definitions for COA, lyophilizate, HPLC, MS, BAC water, and other terms that show up across the catalog.

Documentation terms

  • COA — Certificate of Analysis. The signed document that confirms identity, purity, and supporting analytical data for a specific lot.
  • Lot — A specific synthesis batch of the molecule. Each lot has its own COA.

Form and presentation

  • Lyophilizate — A freeze-dried solid form of the molecule, sealed in an evacuated vial.
  • Butyl-stoppered, crimp-sealed — The standard pharmaceutical-style closure that keeps moisture and air out of a sealed vial.

Analytical methods

  • HPLC — High-performance liquid chromatography. Reports purity as area-percent under the chosen column and gradient.
  • MS — Mass spectrometry. Confirms identity by measuring the molecule's mass.
  • Karl Fischer — The standard method for measuring water content in a lyophilizate.

Bench reagents

  • BAC water — Bacteriostatic water, a common reconstitution diluent.
  • DMSO — Dimethyl sulfoxide, used at low percentage to dissolve poorly water-soluble molecules before aqueous dilution.
In-vitro research only

This article is reference material for qualified research professionals. It is not medical, clinical, or diagnostic guidance. Reference standards are sold for in-vitro characterisation only.

Continue reading
Handling and storage of lyophilized reference standards
How to keep a sealed reference vial stable from receiving dock to bench, and what changes once you reconstitute it.
How to read a Certificate of Analysis
A line-by-line walkthrough of the COA we ship with every lot — what each field means and which numbers actually matter for your bench work.
Reconstitution basics: math, diluents, and aliquotting
The arithmetic behind preparing a working stock from a lyophilized reference vial, and why aliquotting is worth the extra ten minutes.
Lab safety etiquette around reference standards
PPE, fume-hood protocol, waste handling, and incident-response habits that keep a reference-standard bench safe and reproducible.